Nanda Nursing Diagnosis

Defecation as well on urination is a physiological process that includes working smooth muscles, and fiber latitude, central and peripheral innervation, coordination of the reflex system, good awareness and physical ability to reach a place of defecation. The difficulty of diagnosis and management of constipation is because of the many mechanisms involved in the normal process of defecation (urge to defecate normally stimulated by rectal distension through four stages, among others: the stimulus baffle recto-anal reflex, muscle relaxation of the internal sphincter, external sphincter muscle relaxation and muscles in the pelvic region, and an increase in intra-abdominal pressure). Disruption of one of these mechanisms can result in constipation . Defecation starting peristalsis of the large intestine to the rectum to deliver feces removed. Feces enter and stretch the ampulla of the rectum followed by relaxation of the internal anal sphincter. To avoid spontaneous spending stool, occurri...

In case of heart failure, the body has several adaptations, both in the heart and systemically. If both ventricular stroke volume is reduced, therefore the emphasis contractility or afterload was increased, the volume and end-diastolic pressure in the two chambers of the heart increased. This will increase the length of myocardial fibers end-diastolic, systolic rise time becomes shorter. If this condition persists, ventricular dilatation occurs. Cardiac output at rest can still be good, but the increase in diastolic pressure that lasts longer / chronicle will spread to both the atrium and the pulmonary circulation and the systemic circulation. Finally, capillary pressure will increase which will lead to transudation of fluid and edema arising systemic or pulmonary edema. Decrease in cardiac output, especially if associated with a reduction in arterial pressure or decreased renal perfusion, will activate several neural and humoral systems. Increased activity of the sympathetic nervous s...

Pathophysiology of Osteomyelitis Staphylococcus aureus is the cause of 70-80 percent of bone infection. Other pathogenic organisms commonly found in osteomyelitis include: Proteus , Pseudomonas and E.coli . There is an increased incidence of penicillin-resistant infections, nosocomial, gram negative and anaerobic. Onset of osteomyelitis after orthopedic surgery can occur within the first 3 months (acute fulminant stage I) and is often associated with accumulation of hematoma or superficial infection. Late onset infection (stage 2) occurred between 4 and 24 months after surgery. Osteomyelitis long onset (stage 3) is usually due to haematogenous spread and occurred 2 years or more after surgery. Initial response to infection is one of inflammation, increased Vascularization and edema. After 2 or 3 days, thrombosis in blood vessels occurs in the area, resulting in ischemia with bone necrosis associated with an increased and can spread to soft tissue or joints in the vicinity, unless the...