Chronic kidney disease or end stage renal disease (ESRD) is a progressive disorder of renal function and the irreversible failure where the body's ability to maintain metabolism and fluid and electrolyte balance, causing uremia (retention of urea and other nitrogen garbage in the blood). (Brunner & Suddarth, 2001; 1448) Clinical Manifestations of Chronic Kidney Disease Clinical manifestations according Suyono (2001) is as follows: a. Cardiovascular disorders Hypertension, chest pain, and shortness of breath due to pericarditis, pericardial effusion and heart failure due to fluid retention, heart rhythm disturbances and edema. b. Pulmonary disorders Shallow breathing, Kussmaul breathing, cough with thick sputum and ripples, the sound crackles. c. Gastrointestinal disorders Anorexia, nausea, and fomitus associated with protein metabolism in the intestine, gastrointestinal tract bleeding, ulceration and bleeding mouth, ammonia breath odor. d. Musculoskeletal disorders Restless leg...
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